Ghosts of the Habsburg Empire: Lessons for the Euro Zone
Writing in East European Politics and Societies and Cultures, Dr. Stephen G. Gross and Dr. S. Chase Gummer draw on this historical case of a collapsing currency union to caution European leaders on the costs of exiting the euro. Dr. Gummer is a Senior Research Fellow at the Brandenburg Institute for Society and Security, a partner institution of AGI.
Abstract: Today the euro zone faces financial and economic problems that, if left untended,threaten the fate of the European Union (EU) itself. Several paths lay open to European leaders: deeper integration, more piecemeal crisis resolution, or a possible exit from the euro of one or more countries. Yet there are few historical examples of a currency union break-up that we can use to understand implications of the third option. This essay draws lessons from the collapse of the Habsburg Empire after World War I—the best historical case study of a disintegrating currency union—for the euro zone. The creation of new national currencies in Central Europe in the 1920s came at a very high cost, took years to stabilize, involved extensive international monitoring, created great risks for Europe’s multinational banking enterprises, and helped create the conditions for economic instability in the 1930s. European leaders could expect similar challenges to arise were Greece, Portugal, or Spain to exit the euro zone today. One crucial factor absent in the 1920s, and still absent today, was and is a robust European-wide financial regulatory system. Ultimately, the Habsburg case study suggests that the economic costs of preserving the euro and creating such a banking system would be much lower than those arising from allowing one or more countries to leave the currency union.
